![]() Indirect forces that shake the brain violently within the skull, such as shock waves from battlefield explosions, can also cause TBI. The leading causes of TBI that result in emergency department visits are falls, being struck by an object and motor vehicle crashes. Certain types of TBI may increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's or another type of dementia years after the injury takes place.A traumatic brain injury's direct effects - which may be long-lasting or even permanent - can include unconsciousness, inability to recall the traumatic event, depression, confusion, difficulty learning and remembering new information, trouble speaking coherently, unsteadiness, lack of coordination and problems with vision or hearing.TBI resulting from an impact to the head disrupts normal brain function and is a threat to cognitive health in two ways: ![]() These secondary brain injuries are the result of reactive processes that occur after the initial head trauma. Other outcomes of TBI can be secondary - they can occur gradually over hours or days, or appear weeks later. Some of these injuries are considered primary - damage and symptoms are immediate. Although most TBIs are classified as mild because they're not life-threatening, a mild TBI can have serious and long-lasting effects the extent of these effects is not fully understood and requires more research. Doctors may classify traumatic brain injury as mild, moderate or severe, depending on whether the injury causes unconsciousness, how long unconsciousness lasts and the severity of the individual's symptoms. Most TBIs are caused by falls, being struck by an object or by vehicle crashes.
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